Questions On The Free Will - 2144 Words

The Free Will Problem presents three different theses that, upon first glance, seem both intuitive and reasonable as long as they are considered independently. It is not possible to entertain all three theses together while maintaining any level of consistency. The problem, therefore, is in determining which of the three theses to discard. The first thesis is the Free Will Thesis, which simply states that agents sometimes act freely. This thesis seems to be reasonable for at least two reasons. The first reason is that, more often than not, we feel as though we are free; that is we feel as though we make a choice based on what we want, whether it be after careful consideration or merely on a whim. The very idea that we feel as though we†¦show more content†¦The second thesis in the Free Will problem is the Causal Determinism Thesis, which states that every event is causally determined to occur by another event; every event has a cause. This thesis seems reasonable because it coincides with the way in which we view the world, that being scientifically. Whenever an event occurs we naturally think that something caused that event. Imagine a cup of water falling over on a desk. It goes against our common sense to say that nothing caused the cup of water to fall over, it just did. We may not always know what the cause is but we do seem to think that a cause is necessary for the event to have happened and so far science seems to support this conclusion. The third thesis in the Free Will Problem is Incompatibilism Thesis, which states that the Free Will Thesis and the Causal Determinism Thesis are incompatible with one another; in other words, they are mutually exclusive. This thesis seems reasonable due to the following: if we define free will as acting without a cause or not being caused to act, and the Free Will Thesis says agents sometime act freely, then anytime we, as agents, act freely, an event occurs that does not have a cause. This is a direct violation of the Causal Determinism Thesis, which states that every event must have a cause. All three theses seem intuitively plausible but it is impossible to hold all three theses together consistently. Choosing

The Amendment Of The Fourteenth Amendment - 1438 Words

On January 31st, 1865, the 13th amendment was passed by congress. This amendment said that no one, not even those of differing colors, could be held as slaves (with the exception of prisoners). In short, this amendment freed the black slaves (and other races) of enslavement. Unfortunately though, the black slaves were never truly â€Å"free† for well over 100 years, as after the passing of the 13th amendment, they were repeatedly persecuted against, most notably in the southern United States. Furthermore, Mississippi never submitted the required paperwork to ratify the 13th amendment until February 7th, 2013 (Waldron, â€Å"Mississippi Officially Abolishes Slavery†, 2013). Fortunately though, slavery would still have been illegal even if Mississippi†¦show more content†¦In states such as South Carolina, the â€Å"Black Codes† were adjusted to prohibit the Black community from holding any job other than Farmer or Servant (â€Å"Black Codes†, 2010). Other states allowed a Black person to be beaten should they fail to sign or renew a â€Å"Labor Contract† (â€Å"Black Codes†, 2010). Worst of all though, Apprenticeship laws allowed for children to be used as free labor, mainly for plantation owners (â€Å"Black Codes†, 2010). Fortunately, those in the Northern States disapproved of the â€Å"Black Codes† and wanted them to be abolished (â€Å"Reconstruction†, 2009/†Black Codes†, 2010). The United States Congress agreed with the public and quickly introduced the â€Å"Civil Rights Act† (â€Å"Reconstruction†, 2009/†Black Codes†, 2010). Despite President Andrew Johnson vetoing the bill, Congress managed to override the veto and put the bill into law (â€Å"Reconstruction†, 2009/†Black Codes†, 2010). As soon as the bill was officially signed, the US government took control of the Southern Reconstruction. As a result of the government interve ning in the Reconstruction Era, Southern Blacks were soon elected into government offices, including Congressional Seats (â€Å"Reconstruction†, 2009/†Black Codes†, 2010). Unfortunately, thanks to the US Government’s involvement in the Reconstruction Era, white supremacist groups were created, most notably the Ku Klux Klan, or the KKK for short. While it was originally founded in 1866 as a group dedicated to stopping Blacks fromShow MoreRelatedThe Amendment Of The Fourteenth Amendment1416 Words   |  6 PagesRepublican of Ohio had long been a believer in the idea of equal protection of the laws for all people, and was one of the leaders of the effort to pass the Fourteenth Amendment. While aware of the need to prove the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act with the Fourteenth Amendment, Bingham did not actually believe that the Fourteenth Amendment created any new rights. Rather, he believed that it created a new understanding of rights already i n the Constitution. Bingham maintained that, â€Å"The†¦equalRead MoreThe Amendment Of The Fourteenth Amendment1875 Words   |  8 PagesThe Fourteenth Amendment stopped unlawful actions by states. It also gave Congress the power to enforce the amendment through new laws that benefited and were fair to everyone. The Fourteenth Amendment represents part of the extension of the power of the national government over the states. It has been cited in more court cases than any other part of the Constitution. It made it possible for new legislation that has protected the rights of many throughout the United States and has helped uphold equalityRead MoreThe Amendment And The Fourteenth Amendment Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesNow Cometh Triginal D. Jackson in a Motion for Dismissal on the grounds of excessive Governmental Involvement and abuse of Fourth Amendment s right of the people to be secure in their persons the Fifth Amendment. Ninth Amendment, and the Fourteenth Amendment. First Amendment Protects: The First Amendment protects Mr. Jackson form use of hypnosis to create a criminal act. Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 39 S.Ct. 247, 63 L.Ed.2d. (1919) Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444, 89 S.Ct. 1827,Read MoreThe Amendment Of The Fourteenth Amendment1532 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the thirteenth amendment, â€Å"neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.† The purpose of the thirteenth amendment was to end slavery or any form of involuntary servitude everywhere among the United States. There was new hope for African Americans throughout the country but unfortunately their freedom had a limit and coincidentallyRead MoreThe Fourteenth Amendment945 Words   |  4 PagesThe Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868. This ratification altered the balance of state and federal power. It prevented state s from denying basic civil rights and gave Congress power to implement its assurance of liberty and equality. Despite that each state was required to approve the Fourteenth Amendment which granted â€Å"equal protection† of the Constitution to former slaves, the Ku Klux Klan did not honor this protection. Not only didn’t the Klan disregard the Fourteenth Amendment, theRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment And The Fourteenth Amendment987 Words   |  4 PagesCitizens are protected by two constitutional amendments, under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, any search of a person or his premises (including a vehicle), and any seizure of tangible evidence, must be reasonable. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularlyRead MoreThe Fourteenth And Fourteenth Amendment1018 Words   |  5 PagesThe Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment Want to learn how everyone is equal? On May 17, 1954 the United States Supreme Court came to a decision that had immediate repercussions on the lives of black and white American citizens. Historic moment experiences have continually characterized these people into distinct racial and social entities. The thirteenth and fourteenth amendment had a positive affect on the problem of racism and segregation.The thirteenth amendment was created to abolishRead MoreThe Amendment Of The Fourteenth Amendment2237 Words   |  9 PagesThe Fourth Amendment Introduction The Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments from the United States Constitution. The Bill of Rights was written by James Madison on December 15, 1791. The purpose of the Bill of Rights is to address the rights of the individuals that the Constitution did not specified correctly and it also was written to protect the rights of the individuals liberties even if the majority wanted to take them away. In the Fourth Amendment of the U.S Constitution provides privacyRead MoreThe Second Amendment And The Fourteenth Amendment Essay2031 Words   |  9 PagesOut of the Twenty Seven Amendments in the American Constitution, the first ten known as the Bill of Rights, are arguably the most important to the American people. With the exception of the thirteenth and the fourteenth Amendments abolishing slavery and making ever persons born or naturalized in the United States a wholesome member of the United States and under the protection of the Constitution. The fourth Amendment is clear as it defines The right of the people are to be secure in their personsRead MoreThe Fourteenth Amendment1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe original writers of the Constitution had to have noticed the overlap in enumerated powers. Having only the Commerce Clause or only the Tenth Amendment would not harbor the best outcomes. Both are entirely necessary and exist to limit each other. Discretion is the deciding fac tor for determining which power trumps the other. In McColloch v. Maryland, for example, a state tax on the U.S. Bank would cause negative externalities against all citizens of other states. This is not in the best interest

Theodore Roosevelt And Progressive Reform - 804 Words

Theodore Roosevelt and Progressive Reform, 1901- 1909 I. The United States at the Start of the Twentieth Century A. Unfortunately, the previous President William McKinley was injured on September 6, 1901 at Buffalo, New York, which terminated his life. 1. Consequently, The vice president Theodore Roosevelt became the former President 2. The years that he was in office was called the â€Å"Progressive Era† 3. There was a large impact on the commercial system 4. Big businesses were regulated 5. Customers benefited from this since their conditions were revised B. Citizens desired to have more power, to be able to choose a nominee, surpass decisions made by the law and suggest laws C. The population of 1901 was 73 million 1. However, that was rapidly increasing due to immigration 2. By 1906 the population would increase to 1.1 million coming in 3. Most immigrants would settle on cities that were developing 4. Very few people lived in little towns and rural lands 5. Urban cities began to expand, whereas rural area were decreasing II. A Longer Life Span A. In the year of 1900 the lives of people was prolonging 1. In 1901 it was believed that white men lived up to only forty-seven and fifty-one for wome 2. That changed in 1920 when they were living up to fifty-four and women up to fifty-five B. However, it was drastically different for minorities, in 1901 it went from thirty-four to forty-five in 1920 1. Minorities worked in really harsh conditions, therefore they were exposed toShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast Theodore Roosevelt And The Progressive Era755 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Progressive Era, two presidents, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, were very essential and celebrated during their time. Roosevelt became president in 1901 and was probably one of the most influential Republicans ever to have power over the American people (â€Å"Theodore Roosevelt.†). 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Plan of Investigation The Progressive Era was a time characterized by a multitude of reactions to the inherent problems in American society and politics. The previous age of â€Å"gilded† politics had left the American political system fraught with corruption and inefficiency, and the rise of industrialization made clear the socioeconomic divide between the lower and upper classes. Progressivism became a loosely connected movement of legislation, ideas, and people striving to improve theRead MoreThe Election of 1912 Essay1054 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Progressive Era, Americans faced the challenge of choosing between four strong candidates of the election of 1912. Each candidate held concrete platforms that would have different effects on progressivism. Americans could chose the conservative presidential incumbent William Howard Taft(R), the New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson (D), the long-time fighter for social reform-Eugene V. Debs (S), or the former president Theodore Roosevel t of the newly formed Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party)Read MoreEssay about 1912 Election1032 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Progressive Era, Americans faced the challenge of choosing between four strong candidates of the election of 1912. Each candidate held concrete platforms that would have different effects on progressivism. Americans could chose the conservative presidential incumbent William Howard Taft(R), the New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson (D), the long-time fighter for social reform-Eugene V. Debs (S), or the former president Theodore Roosevelt of the newly formed Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party)Read MoreEssay on The Progressive Era?s influence on the New Deal1349 Words   |  6 Pagesunknowingly disseminated by the pre-WWI Progressive movement. Sparked by the new image as a world power, industrialization, and immigration at the dawn of the new century, a new found reform movement gripped the nation. 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John Singleton Copley Example For Students

John Singleton Copley Biography Biography John Singleton Copley (1738–1815) John Singleton Copley was the son of an Irishman who died in the West Indies in 1737. As far as can be ascertained the artist was born on July 3d of the same year in Boston, whither his par ents had emigrated the year before. Ten years later the Widow Copley married one Pelham, who was a dabster at drawing and engraving, and from whom. his stepson doubtless acquired his first hints at art. We will write a custom essay on John Singleton Copley specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The youth of our first American historical painter, for such Copley really was, though his choice of subjects was anything but American, is involved in a singular obscurity. About all that is known of it is what he used to tell himself, and even he had but a vague idea of his earlier years. It is a toler ably well-authenticated fact, however, that he was the creator of his own art, and that he never saw a decent picture till -he had long learned to paint very fair ones himself. He began to paint, like Benjamin West, with colors and brushes of his own manu facture, and one of his pet yarns of his boyhood related to his being arrested for violating a Boston blue law by going sketching. on Sunday. He is said to have received a little instruction from a Scotch painter named Smybert, who came to America in I728, and died when Copley was fourteen; but whatever tutelage he obtained from him cannot have amounted to much. At any rate, in 1754 he was making some sort of a living as a painter and help ing to take the place, as provider, of his stepfather, who had died three- years before. He painted miniatures and acquired some repute, George Wash ington being one of his sitters in 1756. In 1760 he sent a portrait of his half-brother, unsigned and undated, to Benjamin West, in London. This was the picture known as The Boy.and the Flying Squirrel. West is reported to have gone into ecstasies over it. Contrary to the rules of the Royal Academy, which give anonymous works the cold shoulder, he had it hung there, and, ferreting out its author, invited him to London. But Copley did not accept the invitation. In 1769 he married the daughter of a Boston merchant, a great beauty, whose heart he had first assailed while painting her portrait, and who figures as the principal of the female group in the Death of Major Pierson. She brought him money and wealthy connections. They lived on Beacon Hill till 1771, when he came to New York. But the Revolution was im pending, and his father-in-lawwas a staunch Tory. It was to him, as agent of the East India Company, that the tea ships which the Bostonians raided were consigned. Between wife and father-in-law the artist was influenced, and in 1774 he sailed for England. West fathered and Reynolds patted him on the back, so the aristocracy took him in hand. He painted himself to Italy by the lords and ladies who found it fashionable to help the American artist along, and studied in Rome and elsewhere on the Peninsula tillhis wife, having sold their Boston property, crossed the At lantic after him, leaving on May 27, 1775, on the last ship that sailed from Massachusetts under the British fiag. Copley joined her in London and settled down there, never to see America again. He painted his Youth Resued from a Shark and his portraits and groups, on the strength of which he joined the Royal Academy, and took to historical painting. His Death of Chatham made a hit, and 2,500 impressions of the Bartolozzi plate, after it, were sold in a single run. But;he made far less money out of his historical pictures than he expected. They took up much of his time that he might have profitably employed in portraiture. The plates were costly, too, and Bartolozzi took his own time in executing them, so, altogether, Copley seems to have been hard up pretty much all the time. Still he had some fine business connections. .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd , .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .postImageUrl , .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd , .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd:hover , .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd:visited , .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd:active { border:0!important; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd:active , .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jose de Ribera Biography Analysis EssayWhile in London all the wealthy or dis tinguished Americans sat for him; among them John Adans, whose picture is now in the University Hall at Cambridge. Per haps the best picture outside of his portraits is Copleys Death of Major Pierson. Heath engraved it, and it had an extensive sale. For The Siege of Gibraltar Copley went to Hanover to take the portraits of four of the generals of that country. This picture, completed in 1792, was engraved by Sharp SThe Sur render of Admiral de Windt to Lord Camperdown came a few years later. Copleys picture of Charles I Demanding the Five Impeached Members seems not to have been a popular on e, on account of the subject. But whatever he turned outcreated a sensation, in spite of which he had to draw chronically on his American relatives to eke out his income. The fact is,Copley was fond of style, and indulged his weakness. Down to the time of his death, in September, i8i5, he seems to have been on bad terms with his creditors constantly; but he, by all accounts, found great solace in his work, and whenever care pressed too heavily on him, turned to his easel and shook it off. The works this man is perpetuated by have stood the critical test of our expanding taste far better than many others of his day. I remember his Death of Chatham, in the National Gallery, as a peculiarly strong though conventional and certainly historically inaccurate canvas. Indeed, Copley took the most cold-blooded liberties with history whenever he fell foul of her. But, in com pensation, he painted with extraordinary smoothness and care, drew well, and finished conscientiously. His color was . rich, though somewhat sombre, and he had a keen eye for the harmo nies. A feature that struck me about his pictures was his mania for working up the hands in them. But in his day the old German theory held full force, that no man was an artist who could not draw a perfect hand, and the man who could paint a perfect hand was an artist. Altogether, it seems to me that Copleys standing is, assured beyond the possibility of shaking. He was the first American who lent any dignity to our art. He soared upward, in an age of portrait painters, almost to the level of legitimate history. The pictures he turned ouit in his American period were marvels when we consider the limited facilities from which they grew. When he got a chance to study he became conventional, it is true, but through all the studied precision of line and color which characterizes his latter productions there glows a certain suggestion of his early natural, though crude force. If Copley had been born a century later, I believe we would be looking up to him -as a great man to-day. The art interest of Copley expires with him. He left his heri tage of talent to no descendant, but his family has enjoyed a some what interesting history since. Heleft six children, all born in America. One daughter lived an old maid to the age of ninety five. His most noteworthy child was the son who became Lord Lyndhurst and High Chancellor of Great Britain. This boy, born on Beacon Hill, was bred an Englishman and a lawyer, and in I8I7 was elected to the House of Commons to represent Yarmouth. In his eighty-eighth year, in i86o, he was an active member of the Lords. Lyndhurst died in I863 with the title of the Nestor of the House of Lords, ashamed to the last of his American origin. The same sentiment seems to have pervaded his family. His sister, who wrote the pretentious biography of her father from which I quote, lays less stress on the eminence which made that parent illustrious than on the fact that he was the father of a real, live Lord.